Submarine intelligent includes underwater acoustic communication,One of the technical difficulties to overcome the intelligent for submarine pipeline maintenance is how to realize the underwater communication system of the intelligent to complete the remote operation of the platform. Due to the par

Piezoelectric constant d33 of piezoelectric ceramics is a linear response coefficient that reflects the mutual coupling between the mechanical quantity (stress or strain) and the electrical quantity (electrical displacement or electric field). When a compressive stress T3 is applied along the polari

Sonar is a very important naval equipment, and it has received great attention from all countries with the using of underwater weapons such as submarines. Here, we don't discuss a specific equipment, nor do we involve too many mathematical concepts. Instead, we start with a simple physical principle

The main material of the traditional sonar array hydrophone is piezoelectric ceramics, and the development of new materials can greatly improve the sonar performance. Today's new materials are piezoelectric polymers and optical fibers. Among the piezoelectric polymer materials currently are used for

Sonar is an electronic equipment that uses sound waves propagating in the ocean to detect targets and locate, identify and track targets. Piezo ceramic ring transducer is the most widely used and most important underwater acoustic equipment in hydroacoustics. Sonar technology refers to the technolog

The temperature of the lead oxide volatilization hydrothermally synthesized PZT piezo ceramicpowder is 944.71°C, and the reaction temperature between the particles is 811.26° C; the reaction temperature between the solid phase synthetic PZT powder particles is 1243.47 ° C, and the volatilization tem