Piezoelectric constant d33 of piezoelectric ceramics is a linear response coefficient that reflects the mutual coupling between the mechanical quantity (stress or strain) and the electrical quantity (electrical displacement or electric field). When a compressive stress T3 is applied along the polari

Piezoelectric ceramics is a new type functional ceramic material. It is a kind of ceramic material that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. This feature can be used to make high-precision instruments, which plays a vital role in industrial production. An important topic is an importan

A filter is a circuit or device that is selective to the frequency of the signal. To separate a signal at a certain frequency or a signal in a certain frequency band from a signal with a wide frequency range, a filter is required. For example, in multi-channel communication, if two or more people on

Sonar is a very important naval equipment, and it has received great attention from all countries with the using of underwater weapons such as submarines. Here, we don't discuss a specific equipment, nor do we involve too many mathematical concepts. Instead, we start with a simple physical principle

The main material of the traditional sonar array hydrophone is piezoelectric ceramics, and the development of new materials can greatly improve the sonar performance. Today's new materials are piezoelectric polymers and optical fibers. Among the piezoelectric polymer materials currently are used for

As an important equipment for detecting submarines, sonar has undergone decades of development. From the sonar equipment are used in the national equipment.the sonar technology researched and developed, the future development trend of sonar technology can be summarized as follows,piezo ceramic conti

Sonar is an electronic equipment that uses sound waves propagating in the ocean to detect targets and locate, identify and track targets. Piezo ceramic ring transducer is the most widely used and most important underwater acoustic equipment in hydroacoustics. Sonar technology refers to the technolog

After the electrical signal passes through the filter, not only its amplitude changes with frequency, but also its phase changes with frequency. In order to understand the effect of the filter on the operating state of the circuit after the circuit is involved, it is necessary to study the three cha

Materials and design of piezoelectric ceramic transformers Materials for piezoelectric ceramic transformers: It has a high electromechanical coupling coefficient, especially the transverse electromechanical coupling coefficient k31 and the longitudinal electromechanical coupling coefficient k33 o

A silver electrode of piezoelectric ceramics is applied to the upper and lower sides of the left half to be polarized in the thickness direction. When an alternating electric field is applied, the piezo ceramic sheet vibrates, and this portion is the driving portion. The silver electrode is applied

The polarization direction and vibration direction of the piezoelectric ceramics are along the thickness direction. Therefore, the input and output part of the piezoelectric ceramic resonator of the thickness vibration mode piezoelectric ceramics are longitudinal vibration modes, and the thickness

Piezoelectric ceramics discs oscillators resonate from both a mechanical point of view and an electrical point of view, and have a series of resonant frequencies. We refer to the first occurrence of the resonant frequency at the low frequency end as the fundamental frequency (referred to as the fund

If two thick PZT5 material piezo disks sheets having the same thickness and polarized electrodes are bonded together, when an externally applied exciting electric field can elongate one of the sheets and the other piece is shortened, bending vibration can be generated. For the sheets bonded in the o

Piezoelectric ceramic vibrators have a wide range of applications. Piezoelectric ceramic transformers and piezoelectric ceramic filters are processed or combined by piezoelectric vibrators in a certain way. The parameters of the piezoelectric ceramics transducer depends largely on the vibration of t