Views: 1 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2020-04-21 Origin: Site
Barium titanate is the basic raw material of electronicpiezoceramics and the pillar of the electronic ceramics industry. Barium titanate has high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss characteristics as well as excellent ferroelectric, piezoelectric, withstand voltage and insulation properties, so it is widely used in manufacturing ofpiezoelectric ceramic ring components, especially PTC thermistors. Multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs), grain boundary layer capacitors, thermoelectric elements, piezoelectric ceramics, sonar, sensors, electro-optic display panels, polymer-based composite materials and coatings.
Barium titanate was first synthesized by the solid phase method. As early as the ferroelectricity of barium titanate was discovered in the 1940s, countries such as Germany, Japan, and the United States have adopted the solid phase method to synthesize barium titanate powder. Therefore, it can be said that the solid phase method is the earliest method in the synthesis of barium titanate powder. After nearly 80 years, the solidphase method has been extensively and deeply researched and applied, and the synthesis methods are also diverse, which can be divided into the traditional solid-phase method, high-energy ball milling method and combustion method.
(1) Traditional solid phase methodThe traditional solid-phase method uses barium carbonate and titanium dioxide as raw materials, and performs a long-term high-temperature (about 1000 ° C) calcination reaction to generate barium titanate, and finally obtains the finished product through a crushing and grinding process. The reaction equation is as follows:BaCO3 + TiO2 → BaTiO3 + CO2 The traditional solid phase process is simple and mature, the equipment is reliable, the raw material processing is cheap, and it has been the main synthetic method of industrial barium titanate for a long time. Up to now, a large part of the synthesis of barium titanate powders above 200nm is carried out by solid-phase method.
(2) High energy ball milling methodHigh-energy ball milling is also a method commonly used in solid-phase synthesis in recent years. This method makes full use of the mechanical effect of the mechanical energy in the process of high-energy ball milling, which causes the raw material to undergo a series of physical and chemical changes while rapidly refining, which causes various defects in the crystal structure of the raw material and significantly improves the chemical activity of the raw material.Which in turnpiezoceramic ring componnets leads to normal-temperature or low-temperature solid-phase reactions between the components. The high-energy ball milling method began in the 1970s, using 1-5μm BaO and 2-4μm TiO2 as the reaction raw materials, and using zirconia balls as the ball milling media for 4h to obtain barium titanate powder with a grain size of 20-50nm . TEM photograph of barium titanate powder obtained by ball milling BaO and TiO2 for 4h
(3) Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis methodThe self-propagating high-temperature synthesis method (SHS for short) is a method for synthesizing powder by using self-heating and self-conduction of chemical reaction heat between reactants. Once the reactant is ignited, the combustion will automatically propagate to the unreacted area until the reaction is complete. The whole process does not need to provide energy other than the energy of initial ignition, so the energy consumption is low. The reaction can use barium peroxide BaO2 and metal Ti or TiO2 reaction, the equation is shown below:BaO2 + Ti + 1 / 2O2 → BaTiO32BaO2 + TiO2 + 1 / 2Ti → 2BaTiO3The advantages of SHS are low energy consumption, simple process, and high production efficiency, but the biggest problem is that it is difficult to control the reaction once the reactants are ignited, and the reaction is carried out at a very high temperature. The resulting powder particles of diameter is in the order of micrometers, and because the raw materials used cannot be mixed at the atomic level, the purity of the reaction product is not high. (4) Low temperature combustion synthesis methodThe low-temperature combustion synthesis method (abbreviated as LCS) is relatively proposed with the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis method (SHS), which is a synthesis method combining SHS with the wet chemical method. LCS requires raw materials to be nitrated or soluble salts. The combustion reaction is carried out on a hot plate or in a muffle furnace. The reaction temperature can be carried out at 500 ° C or lower. BaTiO3 powder was synthesized by low-temperature combustion of various barium salts and organic fuels. The TEM picture is shown in the figure.
TEM photograph of barium titanate powder prepared by low temperature combustion synthesis
In summary, the solid phase method has the advantages of simple process and reliable equipment. However, the solid phase method often requires a higher reaction temperature or heat treatment temperature, so it is more difficult to obtain ultrafine nanocrystals. In addition, the chemical composition of the powder synthesized by the solid phase method is not uniform, which affects the performance of the sintered piezoelectric ring transducer; it is difficult to obtain pure BaTiO3 crystal phase, and the powder purity is low. Due to the low quality of BaTiO3 powder prepared by solid phase method, it is generally only used to make products with lower technical performance requirements. Although the research on the solid
phase method has already broken through the limits of the traditional method, but due to some problems inherent in the solid-phase reaction, the conditions are not easy to control, and the study is more complicated. The system has not achieved enough and good results.
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